ExcelVBA
VBAだとWritePasswordにパスを設定しておけば、開いた際にパスを求められるようになります
Sub Sample()
    Dim BookObj     As Workbook
    Dim FilePath    As String
    Dim WritePass   As String: Pass = "test"
    
    'ファイルパス作成
    FilePath = ThisWorkbook.Path & "\sample.xlsx"
    
    '書き込みパスワード付きExcelを開く
    Set BookObj = Workbooks.Open(FilePath, WriteResPassword:=WritePass)
    
    Set BookObj = Nothing
End Sub
Excel(COM)
Excel(COM)も同様です。
using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Reflection;
using System.IO;
using System;
namespace SampleCode; // C#10~
internal class SampleExcel
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Excel.Application? application = null;
        Excel.Workbooks? workbooks = null;
        Excel.Workbook? workbook = null;
        try
        {
            // 実行ファイルのあるフォルダパス取得
            var folderPath = Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.Location);
            if (folderPath == null) { return; }
            // Excelファイルパスを作成
            var filePath = Path.Combine(folderPath, "sample.xlsx");
            // Excelを開く
            application = new Excel.Application();
            application.Visible = true;
            workbooks = application.Workbooks;
            // 書き込みパスワード
            var writePass = "test";
            // 書き込みパスワードでブックを開く
            workbook = workbooks.Open(Filename: filePath, WriteResPassword: writePass);  // 名前付き引数がおすすめ
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
        }
        finally
        {
            CleanUpComObject(ref workbook, true, false);
            CleanUpComObject(ref workbooks);
            CleanUpComObject(ref application);
            // RCW強制解放(残留プロセス対策)
            GC.Collect();
            GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();
            GC.Collect();
            GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();
        }
    }
    static void CleanUpComObject<T>(ref T comObject, bool shouldClose = true, bool saveChanges = false)
    {
        // フラグによってWorkbookはClose / ApplicationはQuitする
        if (shouldClose && comObject != null)
        {
            // 型をチェックする
            if (comObject is Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Workbook workbook)
            {
                // Workbookの場合
                workbook.Close(saveChanges);
            }
            else if (comObject is Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Application application)
            {
                // Applicationの場合
                application.Quit();
            }
        }
        // Objectを解放
        if (comObject != null && Marshal.IsComObject(comObject))
        {
            Marshal.ReleaseComObject(comObject);
            comObject = default!;
        }
    }
}
ClosedXML
未対応
EPPlus
未対応
ExcelDataReader
未対応
NPOI
未対応